Visual signs of violence, or lack thereof, in the Xinjiang Police Files photos

Police photo of detainee Sidiq Tash, dated February 21, 2018, after around half a year in detention. Multiple bruise marks suggest the presence of violence.

The regular use of violence in detention, both in punishment and interrogation, has been reported in the vast majority of eyewitness accounts from Xinjiang. In an attempt to corroborate this forensically, the Xinjiang Victims Database analyzed the thousands of photos from the Xinjiang Police Files for evidence of skin discoloration, so as to identify potential bruises and to see if they featured more prominently in detainees.

An estimate on the number of children separated from parents in southern Xinjiang

Children outside the primary school on Ostengboyi Road in Kashgar's old city (October 2017).

In the vast majority of cases, the father was detained first and the mother was detained later. The most common scenario by far was the father being given a long prison term in 2017 and the mother being sent to camp the following year.

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Kazakhstan is a “dangerous country”. Why Nur-Sultan cannot protect those who fled from Xinjiang

Kazakhs originally from China holding a picket at the country’s consulate in Almaty and demanding the release of their relatives, who are in custody in Xinjiang or being prevented from leaving for Kazakhstan.

Despite seeking asylum in Kazakhstan, refugees from Xinjiang also consider the country dangerous. Ethnic Kazakhs and Uyghurs do not stay in Kazakhstan for long and look for ways to leave.

Prominent businessman, survivor of Xinjiang’s mass incarcerations, given 8 years in Kazakhstan

Esbol Muqamadan (second from right), at an event with the former head of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev.

Esbol Muqamadan, a successful Kazakh entrepreneur and previously a victim of the mass incarcerations in Xinjiang, is now serving an eight-year prison sentence in his historical homeland – a verdict that he claims is partially due to political interference by the Chinese authorities.

Two years of being illegally locked up in Xinjiang “education-and-training centers”

An artistic rendition of camp authorities and police burning objects used by previous detainees, as described by the author.

The erasing of traces began. A large pit was dug with an excavator, then many plastic bags were brought in, bulging with stuff, and thrown into the pit, to burn for a long while. Public security vehicles were on the scene to supervise the process.

A review of pre-trial detention centers in Xinjiang: I. Role in the overall detention system

A drone view of the Hotan County Pre-Trial Detention Center.

The large-scale advent and use of camps between 2017 and 2019 gave pre-trial detention centers in Xinjiang additional functions. Instead of just being a precursor to formal prison, the detention center was often a temporary holding facility for those later transferred to camp.